Burckhardt (1909) concluded that there are three alternative views of the group’s diversity: 1) at least eight local forms (“Lokalväriataten”), 2) multiple independent species, and 3) a single broadly distributed taxon, B. Bosminopsis zernowi Linko, 1901, found in European Russia, was the second taxon to be named in this group.
deitersi (see checklist below), several authors described regional taxa. Citing minor morphological differences from B. deitersi from Rio de La Plata ( Richard, 1895), the species was found in many tropical ( Daday, 1903 Brehm, 1913, 1939 Rahm, 1956 Dumont, 1981 Idris, 1983 Collado, Fernando & Sephton, 1984 Dumont, 1986 Tanaka & Ohtaka, 2010 Korovchinsky, 2013 Kotov et al., 2013) and temperate ( Linko, 1901 Birge, 1918 Ueno, 1932 Pirozhnikov, 1937 Ueno, 1937a Ueno, 1937b, 1940 Tanaka, 2000 Jeong, Kotov & Lee, 2014 Beaver et al., 2018) regions. One of these species reported from many continents is Bosminopsis deitersi Richard, 1895 (Cladocera: Bosminidae). However, a transcontinental distribution for many freshwater taxa persists. The process (often termed “continental endemism”) now has strong support among "traditional" taxonomists ( Van Damme & Kotov, 2016 Smirnov & Kotov, 2018 Neretina, Kotov & Van Damme, 2019) and molecular ecologists ( Xu et al., 2009 Heads, 2012).įrey’s early insights on non-cosmopolitanism made the Cladocera ( Frey, 1982, 1987a) a model group for freshwater animals. According to non-cosmopolitanism, geographic differentiation occurred mainly due to vicariant events related to the disruption of Pangaea and the dispersal barriers imparted by subsequent continental drift. He later based the paradigm of “non-cosmopolitanism” ( Frey, 1982, 1987b) on this apparent long-term stability in morphology. The family Bosminidae, then, has examples of both rapid morphological evolution (Holocene Bosmina), and morphological stasis ( Bosminopsis).įrey (1962) demonstrated morphological stasis for the water fleas (Cladocera) based on paleolimnological records from the Quaternary. deitersi and is consistent with an ancient species group (potentially Mesozoic) that shows marked morphological conservation. Our evidence rejects the single species hypothesis for B. A molecular clock and biogeographic analysis with fossil calibrations suggested a Mesozoic origin for the Bosminopsis deitersi group. zernowi had weak genetic differentiation across its range. We revised the taxonomy and redescribed the species in this complex.
The evidence indicated a widely distributed cryptic species in the Old World ( Bosminopsis zernowi) that is genetically divergent from B.
Detailed morphological study was also carried out across continents. Two nuclear and two mitochondrial loci were used to carry out the bGMYC, mPTP and STACEY algorithms for species delimitation. Here we use an integrated morphological and multilocus genetic approach to address the species problem in B. However, one species, Bosminopsis deitersi, stands out for its exceptional multicontinental range and broad ecological requirements. Water fleas (Crustacea: Cladocera) of the Family Bosminidae have been studied since the founding of paleolimnology and freshwater ecology. Bosminopsis deitersi (Crustacea: Cladocera) as an ancient species group: a revision. Cite this article Garibian PG, Karabanov DP, Neretina AN, Taylor DJ, Kotov AA. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. 3 Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States DOI 10.7717/peerj.11310 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor James Reimer Subject Areas Biodiversity, Biogeography, Zoology, Freshwater Biology Keywords Phylogeography, Phylogeny, Molecular clock, Taxonomy, Cladocera, Eurasia Copyright © 2021 Garibian et al.